# Theory and pragmatics of the `tz` code and data

### Outline

## Scope of the `tz` database

The `tz` database attempts to record the history and predicted future of all computer-based clocks that track civil time. It organizes time zone and daylight saving time data by partitioning the world into regions whose clocks all agree about timestamps that occur after the POSIX Epoch (1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC). The database labels each such region with a notable location and records all known clock transitions for that location. Although 1970 is a somewhat-arbitrary cutoff, there are significant challenges to moving the cutoff earlier even by a decade or two, due to the wide variety of local practices before computer timekeeping became prevalent.

Clock transitions before 1970 are recorded for each such location, because most systems support timestamps before 1970 and could misbehave if data entries were omitted for pre-1970 transitions. However, the database is not designed for and does not suffice for applications requiring accurate handling of all past times everywhere, as it would take far too much effort and guesswork to record all details of pre-1970 civil timekeeping. Although some information outside the scope of the database is collected in a file `backzone` that is distributed along with the database proper, this file is less reliable and does not necessarily follow database guidelines.

As described below, reference source code for using the `tz` database is also available. The `tz` code is upwards compatible with POSIX, an international standard for UNIX-like systems. As of this writing, the current edition of POSIX is: The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 7, IEEE Std 1003.1-2017, 2018 Edition. Because the database's scope encompasses real-world changes to civil timekeeping, its model for describing time is more complex than the standard and daylight saving times supported by POSIX. A `tz` region corresponds to a ruleset that can have more than two changes per year, these changes need not merely flip back and forth between two alternatives, and the rules themselves can change at times. Whether and when a `tz` region changes its clock, and even the region's notional base offset from UTC, are variable. It does not always make sense to talk about a region's "base offset", since it is not necessarily a single number.

## Names of time zone rulesets

Each `tz` region has a unique name that corresponds to a set of time zone rules. Inexperienced users are not expected to select these names unaided. Distributors should provide documentation and/or a simple selection interface that explains the names; for one example, see the `tzselect` program in the `tz` code. The Unicode Common Locale Data Repository contains data that may be useful for other selection interfaces.

The naming conventions attempt to strike a balance among the following goals:

- Uniquely identify every region where clocks have agreed since 1970. This is essential for the intended use: static clocks keeping local civil time.
- Indicate to experts where that region is.
- Be robust in the presence of political changes. For example, names of countries are ordinarily not used, to avoid incompatibilities when countries change their name (e.g., Zaire→Congo) or when locations change countries (e.g., Hong Kong from UK colony to China).
- Be portable to a wide variety of implementations.
- Use a consistent naming conventions over the entire world.

Names normally have the form AREA`/`LOCATION, where AREA is the name of a continent or ocean, and LOCATION is the name of a specific location within that region. North and South America share the same area, '`America`'. Typical names are '`Africa/Cairo`', '`America/New_York`', and '`Pacific/Honolulu`'. Some names are further qualified to help avoid confusion; for example, '`America/Indiana/Petersburg`' distinguishes Petersburg, Indiana from other Petersburgs in America.

Here are the general guidelines used for choosing `tz` region names, in decreasing order of importance:

- Use only valid POSIX file name components (i.e., the parts of names other than '`/`'). Do not use the file name components '`.`' and '`..`'. Within a file name component, use only ASCII letters, '`.`', '`-`' and '`_`'. Do not use digits, as that might create an ambiguity with POSIX `TZ` strings. A file name component must not exceed 14 characters or start with '`-`'. E.g., prefer `Asia/Brunei` to `Asia/Bandar_Seri_Begawan`. Exceptions: see the discussion of legacy names below.
- A name must not be empty, or contain '`//`', or start or end with '`/`'.
- Do not use names that differ only in case. Although the reference implementation is case-sensitive, some other implementations are not, and they would mishandle names differing only in case.
- If one name A is an initial prefix of another name AB (ignoring case), then B must not start with '`/`', as a regular file cannot have the same name as a directory in POSIX. For example, `America/New_York` precludes `America/New_York/Bronx`.
- Uninhabited regions like the North Pole and Bouvet Island do not need locations, since local time is not defined there.
- There should typically be at least one name for each ISO 3166-1 officially assigned two-letter code for an inhabited country or territory.
- If all the clocks in a region have agreed since 1970, do not bother to include more than one location even if subregions' clocks disagreed before 1970. Otherwise these tables would become annoyingly large.
- If a name is ambiguous, use a less ambiguous alternative; e.g., many cities are named San José and Georgetown, so prefer `America/Costa_Rica` to `America/San_Jose` and `America/Guyana` to `America/Georgetown`.
- Keep locations compact. Use cities or small islands, not countries or regions, so that any future changes do not split individual locations into different `tz` regions. E.g., prefer `Europe/Paris` to `Europe/France`, since France has had multiple time zones.
- Use mainstream English spelling, e.g., prefer `Europe/Rome` to `Europe/Roma`, and prefer `Europe/Athens` to the Greek `Europe/Αθήνα` or the Romanized `Europe/Athína`. The POSIX file name restrictions encourage this guideline.
- Use the most populous among locations in a region, e.g., prefer `Asia/Shanghai` to `Asia/Beijing`. Among locations with similar populations, pick the best-known location, e.g., prefer `Europe/Rome` to `Europe/Milan`.
- Use the singular form, e.g., prefer `Atlantic/Canary` to `Atlantic/Canaries`.
- Omit common suffixes like '`_Islands`' and '`_City`', unless that would lead to ambiguity. E.g., prefer `America/Cayman` to `America/Cayman_Islands` and `America/Guatemala` to `America/Guatemala_City`, but prefer `America/Mexico_City` to `America/Mexico` because the country of Mexico has several time zones.
- Use '`_`' to represent a space.
- Omit '`.`' from abbreviations in names. E.g., prefer `Atlantic/St_Helena` to `Atlantic/St._Helena`.
- Do not change established names if they only marginally violate the above guidelines. For example, do not change the existing name `Europe/Rome` to `Europe/Milan` merely because Milan's population has grown to be somewhat greater than Rome's.
- If a name is changed, put its old spelling in the '`backward`' file. This means old spellings will continue to work.

The file '`zone1970.tab`' lists geographical locations used to name `tz` regions. It is intended to be an exhaustive list of names for geographic regions as described above; this is a subset of the names in the data. Although a '`zone1970.tab`' location's longitude corresponds to its local mean time (LMT) offset with one hour for every 15° east longitude, this relationship is not exact.

Older versions of this package used a different naming scheme, and these older names are still supported. See the file '`backward`' for most of these older names (e.g., '`US/Eastern`' instead of '`America/New_York`'). The other old-fashioned names still supported are '`WET`', '`CET`', '`MET`', and '`EET`' (see the file '`europe`').

Older versions of this package defined legacy names that are incompatible with the first guideline of location names, but which are still supported. These legacy names are mostly defined in the file '`etcetera`'. Also, the file '`backward`' defines the legacy names '`GMT0`', '`GMT-0`' and '`GMT+0`', and the file '`northamerica`' defines the legacy names '`EST5EDT`', '`CST6CDT`', '`MST7MDT`', and '`PST8PDT`'.

Excluding '`backward`' should not affect the other data. If '`backward`' is excluded, excluding '`etcetera`' should not affect the remaining data.

## Time zone abbreviations

When this package is installed, it generates time zone abbreviations like '`EST`' to be compatible with human tradition and POSIX. Here are the general guidelines used for choosing time zone abbreviations, in decreasing order of importance:

- Use three to six characters that are ASCII alphanumerics or '`+`' or '`-`'. Previous editions of this database also used characters like space and '`?`', but these characters have a special meaning to the UNIX shell and cause commands like '`set `date``' to have unexpected effects. Previous editions of this guideline required upper-case letters, but the Congressman who introduced Chamorro Standard Time preferred "ChST", so lower-case letters are now allowed. Also, POSIX from 2001 on relaxed the rule to allow '`-`', '`+`', and alphanumeric characters from the portable character set in the current locale. In practice ASCII alphanumerics and '`+`' and '`-`' are safe in all locales.

  In other words, in the C locale the POSIX extended regular expression `[-+[:alnum:]]{3,6}` should match the abbreviation. This guarantees that all abbreviations could have been specified by a POSIX `TZ` string.

- Use abbreviations that are in common use among English-speakers, e.g., 'EST' for Eastern Standard Time in North America. We assume that applications translate them to other languages as part of the normal localization process; for example, a French application might translate 'EST' to 'HNE'.

  These abbreviations (for standard/daylight/etc. time) are: ACST/ACDT Australian Central, AST/ADT/APT/AWT/ADDT Atlantic, AEST/AEDT Australian Eastern, AHST/AHDT Alaska-Hawaii, AKST/AKDT Alaska, AWST/AWDT Australian Western, BST/BDT Bering, CAT/CAST Central Africa, CET/CEST/CEMT Central European, ChST Chamorro, CST/CDT/CWT/CPT/CDDT Central [North America], CST/CDT China, GMT/BST/IST/BDST Greenwich, EAT East Africa, EST/EDT/EWT/EPT/EDDT Eastern [North America], EET/EEST Eastern European, GST Guam, HST/HDT Hawaii, HKT/HKST Hong Kong, IST India, IST/GMT Irish, IST/IDT/IDDT Israel, JST/JDT Japan, KST/KDT Korea, MET/MEST Middle European (a backward-compatibility alias for Central European), MSK/MSD Moscow, MST/MDT/MWT/MPT/MDDT Mountain, NST/NDT/NWT/NPT/NDDT Newfoundland, NST/NDT/NWT/NPT Nome, NZMT/NZST New Zealand through 1945, NZST/NZDT New Zealand 1946–present, PKT/PKST Pakistan, PST/PDT/PWT/PPT/PDDT Pacific, SAST South Africa, SST Samoa, WAT/WAST West Africa, WET/WEST/WEMT Western European, WIB Waktu Indonesia Barat, WIT Waktu Indonesia Timur, WITA Waktu Indonesia Tengah, YST/YDT/YWT/YPT/YDDT Yukon.

- For times taken from a city's longitude, use the traditional xMT notation. The only abbreviation like this in current use is 'GMT'. The others are for timestamps before 1960, except that Monrovia Mean Time persisted until 1972. Typically, numeric abbreviations (e.g., '`-`004430' for MMT) would cause trouble here, as the numeric strings would exceed the POSIX length limit.

  These abbreviations are: AMT Amsterdam, Asunción, Athens; BMT Baghdad, Bangkok, Batavia, Bern, Bogotá, Bridgetown, Brussels, Bucharest; CMT Calamarca, Caracas, Chisinau, Colón, Copenhagen, Córdoba; DMT Dublin/Dunsink; EMT Easter; FFMT Fort-de-France; FMT Funchal; GMT Greenwich; HMT Havana, Helsinki, Horta, Howrah; IMT Irkutsk, Istanbul; JMT Jerusalem; KMT Kaunas, Kiev, Kingston; LMT Lima, Lisbon, local, Luanda; MMT Macassar, Madras, Malé, Managua, Minsk, Monrovia, Montevideo, Moratuwa, Moscow; PLMT Phù Liễn; PMT Paramaribo, Paris, Perm, Pontianak, Prague; PMMT Port Moresby; QMT Quito; RMT Rangoon, Riga, Rome; SDMT Santo Domingo; SJMT San José; SMT Santiago, Simferopol, Singapore, Stanley; TBMT Tbilisi; TMT Tallinn, Tehran; WMT Warsaw.

  A few abbreviations also follow the pattern that GMT/BST established for time in the UK. They are: CMT/BST for Calamarca Mean Time and Bolivian Summer Time 1890–1932, DMT/IST for Dublin/Dunsink Mean Time and Irish Summer Time 1880–1916, MMT/MST/MDST for Moscow 1880–1919, and RMT/LST for Riga Mean Time and Latvian Summer time 1880–1926. An extra-special case is SET for Swedish Time (svensk normaltid) 1879–1899, 3° west of the Stockholm Observatory.

- Use 'LMT' for local mean time of locations before the introduction of standard time; see "Scope of the `tz` database".
- If there is no common English abbreviation, use numeric offsets like `-`05 and `+`0830 that are generated by `zic`'s `%z` notation.
- Use current abbreviations for older timestamps to avoid confusion. For example, in 1910 a common English abbreviation for time in central Europe was 'MEZ' (short for both "Middle European Zone" and for "Mitteleuropäische Zeit" in German). Nowadays 'CET' ("Central European Time") is more common in English, and the database uses 'CET' even for circa-1910 timestamps as this is less confusing for modern users and avoids the need for determining when 'CET' supplanted 'MEZ' in common usage.
- Use a consistent style in a `tz` region's history. For example, if history tends to use numeric abbreviations and a particular entry could go either way, use a numeric abbreviation.
- Use Universal Time (UT) (with time zone abbreviation '`-`00') for locations while uninhabited. The leading '`-`' is a flag that the UT offset is in some sense undefined; this notation is derived from Internet RFC 3339.

Application writers should note that these abbreviations are ambiguous in practice: e.g., 'CST' means one thing in China and something else in North America, and 'IST' can refer to time in India, Ireland or Israel. To avoid ambiguity, use numeric UT offsets like '`-`0600' instead of time zone abbreviations like 'CST'.

## Accuracy of the `tz` database

The `tz` database is not authoritative, and it surely has errors. Corrections are welcome and encouraged; see the file `CONTRIBUTING`. Users requiring authoritative data should consult national standards bodies and the references cited in the database's comments.

Errors in the `tz` database arise from many sources:

- The `tz` database predicts future timestamps, and current predictions will be incorrect after future governments change the rules. For example, if today someone schedules a meeting for 13:00 next October 1, Casablanca time, and tomorrow Morocco changes its daylight saving rules, software can mess up after the rule change if it blithely relies on conversions made before the change.
- The pre-1970 entries in this database cover only a tiny sliver of how clocks actually behaved; the vast majority of the necessary information was lost or never recorded. Thousands more `tz` regions would be needed if the `tz` database's scope were extended to cover even just the known or guessed history of standard time; for example, the current single entry for France would need to split into dozens of entries, perhaps hundreds. And in most of the world even this approach would be misleading due to widespread disagreement or indifference about what times should be observed. In her 2015 book The Global Transformation of Time, 1870–1950, Vanessa Ogle writes "Outside of Europe and North America there was no system of time zones at all, often not even a stable landscape of mean times, prior to the middle decades of the twentieth century". See: Timothy Shenk, Booked: A Global History of Time. Dissent 2015-12-17.
- Most of the pre-1970 data entries come from unreliable sources, often astrology books that lack citations and whose compilers evidently invented entries when the true facts were unknown, without reporting which entries were known and which were invented. These books often contradict each other or give implausible entries, and on the rare occasions when they are checked they are typically found to be incorrect.
- For the UK the `tz` database relies on years of first-class work done by Joseph Myers and others; see "History of legal time in Britain". Other countries are not done nearly as well.
- Sometimes, different people in the same city maintain clocks that differ significantly. Historically, railway time was used by railroad companies (which did not always agree with each other), church-clock time was used for birth certificates, etc. More recently, competing political groups might disagree about clock settings. Often this is merely common practice, but sometimes it is set by law. For example, from 1891 to 1911 the UT offset in France was legally UT +00:09:21 outside train stations and UT +00:04:21 inside. Other examples include Chillicothe in 1920, Palm Springs in 1946/7, and Jerusalem and Ürümqi to this day.
- Although a named location in the `tz` database stands for the containing region, its pre-1970 data entries are often accurate for only a small subset of that region. For example, `Europe/London` stands for the United Kingdom, but its pre-1847 times are valid only for locations that have London's exact meridian, and its 1847 transition to GMT is known to be valid only for the L&NW and the Caledonian railways.
- The `tz` database does not record the earliest time for which a `tz` region's data entries are thereafter valid for every location in the region. For example, `Europe/London` is valid for all locations in its region after GMT was made the standard time, but the date of standardization (1880-08-02) is not in the `tz` database, other than in commentary. For many `tz` regions the earliest time of validity is unknown.
- The `tz` database does not record a region's boundaries, and in many cases the boundaries are not known. For example, the `tz` region `America/Kentucky/Louisville` represents a region around the city of Louisville, the boundaries of which are unclear.
- Changes that are modeled as instantaneous transitions in the `tz` database were often spread out over hours, days, or even decades.
- Even if the time is specified by law, locations sometimes deliberately flout the law.
- Early timekeeping practices, even assuming perfect clocks, were often not specified to the accuracy that the `tz` database requires.
- Sometimes historical timekeeping was specified more precisely than what the `tz` code can handle. For example, from 1909 to 1937 Netherlands clocks were legally Amsterdam Mean Time (estimated to be UT +00:19:32.13), but the `tz` code cannot represent the fractional second. In practice these old specifications were rarely if ever implemented to subsecond precision.
- Even when all the timestamp transitions recorded by the `tz` database are correct, the `tz` rules that generate them may not faithfully reflect the historical rules. For example, from 1922 until World War II the UK moved clocks forward the day following the third Saturday in April unless that was Easter, in which case it moved clocks forward the previous Sunday. Because the `tz` database has no way to specify Easter, these exceptional years are entered as separate `tz Rule` lines, even though the legal rules did not change.
- The `tz` database models pre-standard time using the proleptic Gregorian calendar and local mean time, but many people used other calendars and other timescales. For example, the Roman Empire used the Julian calendar, and Roman timekeeping had twelve varying-length daytime hours with a non-hour-based system at night.
- Early clocks were less reliable, and data entries do not represent clock error.
- The `tz` database assumes Universal Time (UT) as an origin, even though UT is not standardized for older timestamps. In the `tz` database commentary, UT denotes a family of time standards that includes Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) along with other variants such as UT1 and GMT, with days starting at midnight. Although UT equals UTC for modern timestamps, UTC was not defined until 1960, so commentary uses the more-general abbreviation UT for timestamps that might predate 1960. Since UT, UT1, etc. disagree slightly, and since pre-1972 UTC seconds varied in length, interpretation of older timestamps can be problematic when subsecond accuracy is needed.
- Civil time was not based on atomic time before 1972, and we do not know the history of earth's rotation accurately enough to map SI seconds to historical solar time to more than about one-hour accuracy. See: Stephenson FR, Morrison LV, Hohenkerk CY. Measurement of the Earth's rotation: 720 BC to AD 2015. Proc Royal Soc A. 2016 Dec 7;472:20160404. Also see: Espenak F. Uncertainty in Delta T (ΔT).
- The relationship between POSIX time (that is, UTC but ignoring leap seconds) and UTC is not agreed upon after 1972. Although the POSIX clock officially stops during an inserted leap second, at least one proposed standard has it jumping back a second instead; and in practice POSIX clocks more typically either progress glacially during a leap second, or are slightly slowed while near a leap second.
- The `tz` database does not represent how uncertain its information is. Ideally it would contain information about when data entries are incomplete or dicey. Partial temporal knowledge is a field of active research, though, and it is not clear how to apply it here.

In short, many, perhaps most, of the `tz` database's pre-1970 and future timestamps are either wrong or misleading. Any attempt to pass the `tz` database off as the definition of time should be unacceptable to anybody who cares about the facts. In particular, the `tz` database's LMT offsets should not be considered meaningful, and should not prompt creation of `tz` regions merely because two locations differ in LMT or transitioned to standard time at different dates.

## Time and date functions

The `tz` code contains time and date functions that are upwards compatible with those of POSIX. Code compatible with this package is already part of many platforms, where the primary use of this package is to update obsolete time-related files. To do this, you may need to compile the time zone compiler '`zic`' supplied with this package instead of using the system '`zic`', since the format of `zic`'s input is occasionally extended, and a platform may still be shipping an older `zic`.

### POSIX properties and limitations

- In POSIX, time display in a process is controlled by the environment variable `TZ`. Unfortunately, the POSIX `TZ` string takes a form that is hard to describe and is error-prone in practice. Also, POSIX `TZ` strings cannot deal with daylight saving time rules not based on the Gregorian calendar (as in Iran), or with situations where more than two time zone abbreviations or UT offsets are used in an area.

  The POSIX `TZ` string takes the following form:

  stdoffset[dst[offset][`,`date[`/`time]`,`date[`/`time]]]

  where:

  std and dst
    are 3 or more characters specifying the standard and daylight saving time (DST) zone names. Starting with POSIX.1-2001, std and dst may also be in a quoted form like '`<+09>`'; this allows "`+`" and "`-`" in the names.
  offset
    is of the form '`[±]hh:[mm[:ss]]`' and specifies the offset west of UT. 'hh' may be a single digit; 0≤hh≤24. The default DST offset is one hour ahead of standard time.
  date[`/`time]`,`date[`/`time]
    specifies the beginning and end of DST. If this is absent, the system supplies its own ruleset for DST, and its rules can differ from year to year; typically US DST rules are used.
  time
    takes the form 'hh`:`[mm[`:`ss]]' and defaults to 02:00. This is the same format as the offset, except that a leading '`+`' or '`-`' is not allowed.
  date
    takes one of the following forms:
    Jn (1≤n≤365)
      origin-1 day number not counting February 29
    n (0≤n≤365)
      origin-0 day number counting February 29 if present
    `M` m`.`n`.`d (0[Sunday]≤d≤6[Saturday], 1≤n≤5, 1≤m≤12)
      for the dth day of week n of month m of the year, where week 1 is the first week in which day d appears, and '`5`' stands for the last week in which day d appears (which may be either the 4th or 5th week). Typically, this is the only useful form; the n and `J` n forms are rarely used.

  Here is an example POSIX `TZ` string for New Zealand after 2007. It says that standard time (NZST) is 12 hours ahead of UT, and that daylight saving time (NZDT) is observed from September's last Sunday at 02:00 until April's first Sunday at 03:00:

      TZ='NZST-12NZDT,M9.5.0,M4.1.0/3'

  This POSIX `TZ` string is hard to remember, and mishandles some timestamps before 2008. With this package you can use this instead:

      TZ='Pacific/Auckland'

- POSIX does not define the exact meaning of `TZ` values like "`EST5EDT`". Typically the current US DST rules are used to interpret such values, but this means that the US DST rules are compiled into each program that does time conversion. This means that when US time conversion rules change (as in the United States in 1987), all programs that do time conversion must be recompiled to ensure proper results.
- The `TZ` environment variable is process-global, which makes it hard to write efficient, thread-safe applications that need access to multiple time zone rulesets.
- In POSIX, there is no tamper-proof way for a process to learn the system's best idea of local wall clock. (This is important for applications that an administrator wants used only at certain times – without regard to whether the user has fiddled the `TZ` environment variable. While an administrator can "do everything in UT" to get around the problem, doing so is inconvenient and precludes handling daylight saving time shifts - as might be required to limit phone calls to off-peak hours.)
- POSIX provides no convenient and efficient way to determine the UT offset and time zone abbreviation of arbitrary timestamps, particularly for `tz` regions that do not fit into the POSIX model.
- POSIX requires that systems ignore leap seconds.
- The `tz` code attempts to support all the `time_t` implementations allowed by POSIX. The `time_t` type represents a nonnegative count of seconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC, ignoring leap seconds. In practice, `time_t` is usually a signed 64- or 32-bit integer; 32-bit signed `time_t` values stop working after 2038-01-19 03:14:07 UTC, so new implementations these days typically use a signed 64-bit integer. Unsigned 32-bit integers are used on one or two platforms, and 36-bit and 40-bit integers are also used occasionally. Although earlier POSIX versions allowed `time_t` to be a floating-point type, this was not supported by any practical systems, and POSIX.1-2013 and the `tz` code both require `time_t` to be an integer type.

### Extensions to POSIX in the `tz` code

- The `TZ` environment variable is used in generating the name of a binary file from which time-related information is read (or is interpreted à la POSIX); `TZ` is no longer constrained to be a three-letter time zone abbreviation followed by a number of hours and an optional three-letter daylight time zone abbreviation. The daylight saving time rules to be used for a particular `tz` region are encoded in the binary file; the format of the file allows U.S., Australian, and other rules to be encoded, and allows for situations where more than two time zone abbreviations are used.

  It was recognized that allowing the `TZ` environment variable to take on values such as '`America/New_York`' might cause "old" programs (that expect `TZ` to have a certain form) to operate incorrectly; consideration was given to using some other environment variable (for example, `TIMEZONE`) to hold the string used to generate the binary file's name. In the end, however, it was decided to continue using `TZ`: it is widely used for time zone purposes; separately maintaining both `TZ` and `TIMEZONE` seemed a nuisance; and systems where "new" forms of `TZ` might cause problems can simply use `TZ` values such as "`EST5EDT`" which can be used both by "new" programs (à la POSIX) and "old" programs (as zone names and offsets).

- The code supports platforms with a UT offset member in `struct tm`, e.g., `tm_gmtoff`.
- The code supports platforms with a time zone abbreviation member in `struct tm`, e.g., `tm_zone`.
- Functions `tzalloc`, `tzfree`, `localtime_rz`, and `mktime_z` for more-efficient thread-safe applications that need to use multiple time zone rulesets. The `tzalloc` and `tzfree` functions allocate and free objects of type `timezone_t`, and `localtime_rz` and `mktime_z` are like `localtime_r` and `mktime` with an extra `timezone_t` argument. The functions were inspired by NetBSD.
- A function `tzsetwall` has been added to arrange for the system's best approximation to local wall clock time to be delivered by subsequent calls to `localtime`. Source code for portable applications that "must" run on local wall clock time should call `tzsetwall`; if such code is moved to "old" systems that do not provide `tzsetwall`, you will not be able to generate an executable program. (These functions also arrange for local wall clock time to be used if `tzset` is called – directly or indirectly – and there is no `TZ` environment variable; portable applications should not, however, rely on this behavior since it is not the way SVR2 systems behave.)
- Negative `time_t` values are supported, on systems where `time_t` is signed.
- These functions can account for leap seconds, thanks to Bradley White.

### POSIX features no longer needed

POSIX and ISO C define some APIs that are vestigial: they are not needed, and are relics of a too-simple model that does not suffice to handle many real-world timestamps. Although the `tz` code supports these vestigial APIs for backwards compatibility, they should be avoided in portable applications. The vestigial APIs are:

- The POSIX `tzname` variable does not suffice and is no longer needed. To get a timestamp's time zone abbreviation, consult the `tm_zone` member if available; otherwise, use `strftime`'s `"%Z"` conversion specification.
- The POSIX `daylight` and `timezone` variables do not suffice and are no longer needed. To get a timestamp's UT offset, consult the `tm_gmtoff` member if available; otherwise, subtract values returned by `localtime` and `gmtime` using the rules of the Gregorian calendar, or use `strftime`'s `"%z"` conversion specification if a string like `"+0900"` suffices.
- The `tm_isdst` member is almost never needed and most of its uses should be discouraged in favor of the abovementioned APIs. Although it can still be used in arguments to `mktime` to disambiguate timestamps near a DST transition when the clock jumps back, this disambiguation does not work when standard time itself jumps back, which can occur when a location changes to a time zone with a lesser UT offset.

### Other portability notes

- The 7th Edition UNIX `timezone` function is not present in this package; it is impossible to reliably map `timezone`'s arguments (a "minutes west of GMT" value and a "daylight saving time in effect" flag) to a time zone abbreviation, and we refuse to guess. Programs that in the past used the `timezone` function may now examine `localtime(&clock)->tm_zone` (if `TM_ZONE` is defined) or `tzname[localtime(&clock)->tm_isdst]` (if `HAVE_TZNAME` is defined) to learn the correct time zone abbreviation to use.
- The 4.2BSD `gettimeofday` function is not used in this package. This formerly let users obtain the current UTC offset and DST flag, but this functionality was removed in later versions of BSD.
- In SVR2, time conversion fails for near-minimum or near-maximum `time_t` values when doing conversions for places that do not use UT. This package takes care to do these conversions correctly. A comment in the source code tells how to get compatibly wrong results.
- The functions that are conditionally compiled if `STD_INSPIRED` is defined should, at this point, be looked on primarily as food for thought. They are not in any sense "standard compatible" – some are not, in fact, specified in any standard. They do, however, represent responses of various authors to standardization proposals.
- Other time conversion proposals, in particular the one developed by folks at Hewlett Packard, offer a wider selection of functions that provide capabilities beyond those provided here. The absence of such functions from this package is not meant to discourage the development, standardization, or use of such functions. Rather, their absence reflects the decision to make this package contain valid extensions to POSIX, to ensure its broad acceptability. If more powerful time conversion functions can be standardized, so much the better.

## Interface stability

The `tz` code and data supply the following interfaces:

- A set of `tz` region names as per "Names of time zone rulesets" above.
- Library functions described in "Time and date functions" above.
- The programs `tzselect`, `zdump`, and `zic`, documented in their man pages.
- The format of `zic` input files, documented in the `zic` man page.
- The format of `zic` output files, documented in the `tzfile` man page.
- The format of zone table files, documented in `zone1970.tab`.
- The format of the country code file, documented in `iso3166.tab`.
- The version number of the code and data, as the first line of the text file '`version`' in each release.

Interface changes in a release attempt to preserve compatibility with recent releases. For example, `tz` data files typically do not rely on recently-added `zic` features, so that users can run older `zic` versions to process newer data files. Downloading the `tz` database describes how releases are tagged and distributed.

Interfaces not listed above are less stable. For example, users should not rely on particular UT offsets or abbreviations for timestamps, as data entries are often based on guesswork and these guesses may be corrected or improved.

## Calendrical issues

Calendrical issues are a bit out of scope for a time zone database, but they indicate the sort of problems that we would run into if we extended the time zone database further into the past. An excellent resource in this area is Edward M. Reingold and Nachum Dershowitz, Calendrical Calculations: The Ultimate Edition, Cambridge University Press (2018). Other information and sources are given in the file '`calendars`' in the `tz` distribution. They sometimes disagree.

## Time and time zones on other planets

Some people's work schedules use Mars time. Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) coordinators kept Mars time on and off during the Mars Pathfinder mission. Some of their family members also adapted to Mars time. Dozens of special Mars watches were built for JPL workers who kept Mars time during the Mars Exploration Rovers mission (2004). These timepieces look like normal Seikos and Citizens but use Mars seconds rather than terrestrial seconds.

A Mars solar day is called a "sol" and has a mean period equal to about 24 hours 39 minutes 35.244 seconds in terrestrial time. It is divided into a conventional 24-hour clock, so each Mars second equals about 1.02749125 terrestrial seconds.

The prime meridian of Mars goes through the center of the crater Airy-0, named in honor of the British astronomer who built the Greenwich telescope that defines Earth's prime meridian. Mean solar time on the Mars prime meridian is called Mars Coordinated Time (MTC).

Each landed mission on Mars has adopted a different reference for solar time keeping, so there is no real standard for Mars time zones. For example, the Mars Exploration Rover project (2004) defined two time zones "Local Solar Time A" and "Local Solar Time B" for its two missions, each zone designed so that its time equals local true solar time at approximately the middle of the nominal mission. Such a "time zone" is not particularly suited for any application other than the mission itself.

Many calendars have been proposed for Mars, but none have achieved wide acceptance. Astronomers often use Mars Sol Date (MSD) which is a sequential count of Mars solar days elapsed since about 1873-12-29 12:00 GMT.

In our solar system, Mars is the planet with time and calendar most like Earth's. On other planets, Sun-based time and calendars would work quite differently. For example, although Mercury's sidereal rotation period is 58.646 Earth days, Mercury revolves around the Sun so rapidly that an observer on Mercury's equator would see a sunrise only every 175.97 Earth days, i.e., a Mercury year is 0.5 of a Mercury day. Venus is more complicated, partly because its rotation is slightly retrograde: its year is 1.92 of its days. Gas giants like Jupiter are trickier still, as their polar and equatorial regions rotate at different rates, so that the length of a day depends on latitude. This effect is most pronounced on Neptune, where the day is about 12 hours at the poles and 18 hours at the equator.

Although the `tz` database does not support time on other planets, it is documented here in the hopes that support will be added eventually.

Sources for time on other planets:

- Michael Allison and Robert Schmunk, "Technical Notes on Mars Solar Time as Adopted by the Mars24 Sunclock" (2015-06-30).
- Jia-Rui Chong, "Workdays Fit for a Martian", Los Angeles Times (2004-01-14), pp A1, A20–A21.
- Tom Chmielewski, "Jet Lag Is Worse on Mars", The Atlantic (2015-02-26)
- Matt Williams, "How long is a day on the other planets of the solar system?" (2017-04-27).